The Importance of Immunization in Nigeria - 2171 Words

Immunization is one of the most successful, cost-effective public health prevention strategies averting an estimated 2-3 million global deaths annually (UNICEF 2013). Although immunization is safe and easily accessible, global under-five mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases remains unacceptably high. It has been shown that children who receive all appropriate vaccinations by 9 months of age are less likely to die than those who do not. (Rutherford et al. 2009). Vaccine-preventable deaths account for 29% of deaths worldwide in children under five, and in 2011, 1.5 million children died from vaccine-preventable diseases. (UNICEF 2013). In Nigeria, vaccine-preventable deaths account for 22% of deaths in children, or 200,000 deaths per year (USAID 2009). Immunization has led to the eradication of small-pox and also to the elimination of polio in most countries, with polio being endemic in Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan (UNICEF 2013). The contributions made by immunizations are crucial to achieving MDG 4 (reduction of under-five mortality by two-thirds in 2015). BACKGROUND Modern Nigeria was formed in 1914 when the British amalgamated the Northern and Southern Protectorates. Nigeria is in West Africa, located between longitudes 3 and 14 degrees, and latitudes 4 and 14 degrees.(Nigeria High Commission, London, UK 2014) .It shares borders with the Republics of Niger and Tchad (North), Republic of Benin (West), Cameroon (East) and the Atlantic Ocean (South). It hasShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Polio1371 Words   |  6 Pagespolio endemic countries from 20 to 10 countries between the year 2000 and 2001. By the year 2005, monovalent oral live vaccines where introduced and progress was made in eradicating polio from West Africa and Central Africa, with the exception of Nigeria. A further three countries, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan were still classed as polio endemic and 10 countries reported imported polio virus infections. There are three serologic (antigenic) types of poliovirus, with little cross reaction betweenRead MoreA Brief Look at Polio1848 Words   |  7 PagesPolio, cases have reduced by approximately 99% since 1988 when about 350,000 cases were reported to an estimated 406 cases in 2013. (WHO Fact sheet No 114, March 2014) As at April 2014, polio is only endemic in 3 countries namely: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan. Polio used to be endemic in India until recently marking the end of polio in Southeast Asia. But lately it has been discovered that polio is becoming re-endemic in formerly polio-free countries like Angola, Chad and Democratic RepublicRead MoreTaking a Look at Poliomyelitis1689 Words   |  7 Pages In the 20th century it was one of the most feared diseases in some countries paralysing most of their children’s every year. Soon after then, vaccines were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1970s, routine immunization was introduced worldwide as part of the nation al immunization programmes which has really helped in controlling the disease in many countries. In 1988, global polio eradication initiative started and this polio paralyzed more than 1000 children worldwide. Since thenRead MoreA Brief Look at Poliomyelitis1287 Words   |  5 Pagescampaign. There are challenges in recent years because the polio virus has re-emerged in places like Syria, Cameroun, Pakistan and Nigeria among others. In a CNN cable television report the cases of polio in Syria in particular is alarming, there are 100s of new polio cases due to failure of the health system because of a raging civil, sectarian war. The case of Pakistan and Nigeria are of religious extremism where they belief the vaccines are causing harm to their children. These are challenges faced withRead MoreOutline1355 Words   |  6 Pagesa scope of genuine and possibly deadly diseases. Immunizations are brisk, safe and greatly powerful. Once your child has got vaccinated against an infection, their body can battle it all the more effectively. In the event, that a child is not v accinated, they will have an expanded danger of getting the illness. B. Immunization is as essential for adults as it is for children, but then numerous adults are not ideally vaccinated. Immunizations emulate the virus so as to anticipate disease byRead MoreThe United Nations Children s Fund ( Unicef ) And The World Health Organization1447 Words   |  6 Pagesprotecting child health by ensuring adequate nutrition and hygiene, prevention of pneumonia by immunization against causative pathogens, reducing indoor air pollution and optimizing access to prompt treatment of pneumonia1-3. The World Health Organization has recommended inclusion of vaccines against pneumonia causative pathogens, Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae type b, in routine national immunization programs particularly in countries with high under-five pneumonia deaths, defined asRead MoreThe Development Goals Of The United Nation s Children Fund1980 Words   |  8 PagesSummary Every single day, Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds ranking the country as the second largest contributor to the under–five in the world. United Nation’s Children Fund (UNICEF) reports that â€Å"although analyses of recent trends show that the country is making progress in cutting down infant and under-five mortality rates, the pace still remains too slow to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing child mortality by a third by 2015†, but that â€Å"the tragedy behindRead MoreThe Millennium Development Goals : A Global Vision For The Future1447 Words   |  6 Pagespublic. With the MDGs’ expiration date of 2015 fast approaching, the world community is focusing on the development of a post-2015 agenda. This paper seeks to contribute to this process by highlighting the main strengths and weaknesses of the MDGs in Nigeria and Haiti, deriving the lessons that can be learned from almost 15 years of experience with the MDGs. Building on these lessons, the paper suggests different ways of how they could inform and enrich the process towards the formulation of a new developmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Polio Worldwide On The Wellbeing Of People And Reducing Health Inequalities3001 Words   |  13 Pagesthat what it actually means (Dinham, 2007). The best definition of wellbeing is given by Wilcock as an individual s physical, mental, social, and environmental status with each aspect interacting with the other and each having differing levels of importance and impact according to each individual (Wilcock et al; 1998). Polio as an important health issue in Pakistan: Introduction to polio: Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease mainly affecting young children. The poliomyelitisRead MoreVaccination Prevention And Its Effect On The Human Body1788 Words   |  8 PagesRegion is declared polio polio-free, n.d.). Ideally we would love to eradicate all diseases, it just not has happened yet. Until we find the answer, vaccinations will greatly reduce the burden of infectious diseases. Vaccination is given utmost importance in programs to eliminate measles and rubella in the European region. The elimination of these infections – is an indisputable success of humanity in its relationship with the outside world. Although vaccinations are one of medicines greatest achievements

Outsourcing A Boon or Bane - 4267 Words

Summary The increasing trend of outsourcing jobs from United States in recent years has created alarming unrest among American people. Politicians also believe that outsourcing has a negative impact on jobs, should this be allowed to continue, a prosperous future of all Americans is dim. These policy makers are exploiting this issue by introducing new protectionist policies. On the contrary, some economists have shrugged of the phenomenon as part of economic growth, as outsourcing benefitted U.S. economy by creating new jobs. In the article, the writer highlights the positive effects of outsourcing on the U.S. economy, as well as politicians’ ignorance on the long run benefits from it. Outsourcing is to move jobs that are currently being†¦show more content†¦productivity growth, the foundation of rising standards of living for everyone. They tend to create high-paying jobs—27.5 million in 2007. Consider that in 2007, the average compensation per worker in these multina tional firms was $65,248—about 20% above the average for all other jobs in the U.S. economy. These firms undertook $665.5 billion in capital investment, which constituted 40.6% of all private-sector nonresidential investment. They exported $731 billion in goods, 62.7% of all U.S. goods exports. And these firms also conducted $240.2 billion in research and development, a remarkable 89.2% of all U.S. private-sector RD. On the other hand: The unemployment rate is 9.6% Recent studies and analyses predict dire consequences should current trends continue unabated. What these reports make clear is that any work that can be digitized and transmitted through cyber-space is a target for export: * Forrester Research Inc. predicts that American employers will move about 3.3 million white-collar service jobs and $136 billion in wages overseas in the next 15 years, up from $4 billion in 2000. * Gartner Inc., a high-tech forcasting firm, estimates that 10 percent of computer services and software jobs will be moved overseas by the end of this year. * A survey by Deloitte Research found that the world’s 100 largest financial services firms expect to shift $356 billion worth ofShow MoreRelatedGlobalization: Outsourcing and Offshoring Software Creation Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesemployment, income distribution and economic growth? Is the outsourcing of services a different phenomenon than simply importing steel? Economic theory and past history point to the fact the trade provides net economic gains but if it also redistributes wealth, affects worker employment the short run and wages in the long run. It is easy to find literature that tells of the growth of the American economy with the increased use of outsourcing. It is however a different story when one asks the questionRead MoreOutsourcing and the US Economy Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesOutsourcing – Dont Get Bangalored? As the world has gotten â€Å"smaller† in terms of trade, outsourcing has become a hot topic in much political and economic debate in the United States. An Associated Press-Ipsos poll in May 2004, found that 69 per cent of Americans thought that outsourcing hurts the US economy while only 17 per cent thought it helped . President Bush’s chief economic advisor Greg Mankiw has stated â€Å"outsourcing†¦is something that we should realize is probably a plus for the economyRead More Outsourcing: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) Essay example2704 Words   |  11 PagesOutsourcing: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) Outsourcing has become a very controversial topic, particularly around the time of presidential elections. The working public has a very different view of outsourcing than the business owners, partly due to information asymmetry. In other words, the working public does not typically have all of the information regarding the impacts of outsourcing available to them as business owners do. Reversely, business owners are not able to see the impactsRead MoreGlobal Business Environment8475 Words   |  34 Pagesenter a market in another country 9. Japan 10. specific tariff. 1.10 Case Studies Case – 1 BPO – Bane or Boon! Several MNCs are increasingly unbundling or vertical disintegrating their activities. Put in simple language, they have begun outsourcing (also called business process outsourcing) activities formerly performed in-house and concentrating their energies on a few functions. Outsourcing involves withdrawing form certain stages / activities and relaying on outside vendors to supply the neededRead MoreNoynoy Aquino Regime4701 Words   |  19 Pagesmandate. In spite of its being elitist, many of the masses have pinned their hopes to this new government. Whether this reflects the backwardness or hopelessness of the masses is another issue. The point is the high hopes of the many which could be a boon or bane for both the government and the Left. Definitely, in this period, you cannot call the people for an outright isolation of this new regime, much more for an intensification of the People’s War, as what the CPP-NPA-NDF has done. In fact, the NDFRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pages7 Pharmaceutical Products (Progress in 2009) 6.3.8 Available products in India 6.4 Marketing strategy of GlaxoSmithKline Chapter Summary References Chapter Seven – Discussion amp; Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Merger-Boom or Bane 7.3 Analysis//Summary 7.3.1 Rationale 7.3.2 Schemes of arrangement 7.3.3 Results of the implementation of Merger 7.3.4 Foreign exchange earnings and outgo of GlaxoSmithKline Conclusion Bibliography Appendices Annexure A-QuestionnaireRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. References 147 Schein, E. (1992) Organization Culture and Leadership, 2nd edn, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership, 3rd edn, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schoen, D.R. (1957) ‘Human relations: Boon or bogle?’ Harvard Business Review Nov/Dec: 91–97. Senge, P. (1990) The Fifth Discipine: the art and practice of the learning organization, London: Century Business. Starkey, K. (1998) ‘Durkheim and the limits of corporate culture: Whose culture? Which

Animal Farm. Snowball Free Essays

Snowball Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball. As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm. Snowball or any similar topic only for you Order Now Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force. Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts. Boxer The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naive trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites. Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. It may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together. Napoleon From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to he formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private a rmy or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others. Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during-the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-eighteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted. It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms. How to cite Animal Farm. Snowball, Papers

Entrepreneurship and Networking

Question: Discuss the personal contact network and entrepreneurship and role of digital technologies in personal contact network. Answer: Introduction A personal contact network is an essential tool for the entrepreneurs for starting a new business. Limited financial resources makes it difficult for the entrepreneurs to obtain whatever is required to set up a new business like, customers, equipment, employees and lab space. Therefore, personal contact network can help entrepreneurs to increase the probability of success by widening their horizon (Autio 2014). Studies have proved that networking is used excessively to support the entrepreneurs to achieve success. Developing and maintaining a proper personal contact network is very important for the development of a startup company. Entrepreneurs mainly use two types of networking which are internal networking and external networking. Internal networking is used within their enterprises. On the other hand, external networking is used to communicate with other parties (Eberhard and Craig 2013). However, having a strong personal contact network is not sufficient to develop a start-up firm unless the position of the entrepreneur within that network is strong. If an entrepreneur has a stable and strong position within that network, then he can implement it efficiently (De Hoyos 2013). On the other hand, if individuals position is not strong within the network then he will not be able to utilize the network resources properly which will affect the growth and development of start-up enterprise. Personal contact network and entrepreneurship Every successful entrepreneur carries a strong interpersonal skill that helps him or her to build a firm and diversified personal network. An entrepreneur must understand that building a company is easy but to run it successfully demands a unified effort of some people like suppliers and investors, customers, peers, public officials, media members, and competitors. Personal contact network can provide help in two ways. First, it helps an entrepreneur to access critical financial and non-financial resources for his business. Second, it allows an entrepreneur to gain information, share experiences, exchange ideas, draw common support and receive suggestions from experts. It also helps to acquire motivation which in turn helps an entrepreneur to save this venture and achieve success for it. An effective personal contact network guides an entrepreneur to respond properly to and engage with the customers, employees and suppliers who are critical parts of a startup business (Bosma 2012). Personal contact networks help an entrepreneur to increase his interactions, which in turn facilitates his ability to understand customer needs perfectly. Having an effective networking skill allows an entrepreneur to build trust and confidence among the customers of the company. An entrepreneur thus can retain his best customers by establishing an emotional bond with them and the market share. As personal contact networks help an entrepreneur to increase his social competencies, he can build a relationship full of mutual trust with the suppliers. For startup companies, it is highly important to create a good relationship with its suppliers as a good connection with them allows both parties to go beyond obligations of contracts which create a long-term relationship. Social competence also allows an entrepreneur to retrieve information from the external networks (Hayter 2013). He can understand the needs of the company and the places from where he can collect those required resources. An efficient personal contact network empowers an entrepreneur to take risks confidently and aggressively by trying something new without the fear of losses and failures. Failure is extremely painful for a company both financially and psychologically. But a strong and flexible network provides emotional support and builds confidence in an entrepreneur at a time of loss or failure. Therefore, it can be said that personal contact network helps to minimize the pain of failure and loss by providing inspiration for fresh business ideas. Personal contact network in Entrepreneurship and its role Personal contact network and entrepreneurship are intimately related to each other. While starting a new company, personal contact network can help an entrepreneur to achieve the following information. Increase range: An entrepreneur must concentrate on a vast range of networking factors as there is no small number of actions which is important enough that the entrepreneur can concentrate on to develop his startup enterprise (Bensaou et al. 2013). Increase reputation: As an entrepreneur, it is important to use personal contact network because it will create a buzz among the competing managers which will make them think that the new company has enough contacts and resources (Arregle et al. 2015). This will increase the level of reputation in the industry. Personal contact network also helps an entrepreneur to contact people outside his enterprise by attending networking events. Building foundation: A strong foundation is essential for any company that is starting fresh. Networking helps the entrepreneurs to find out right people for their organization who can help them to build a strong foundation for the company. Learning: Even for entrepreneurs, it is important to learn new things simultaneously to develop his company. Networking provides the opportunity to learn from the people outside the startup team. Learning from people outside the team helps to leverage the companys network and to increase the reputation of the company. Personal contact networks help the entrepreneurs to collect information from a wide variety of sources which can help them to test their current plans and ideas (Foley and O'Connor 2013). Networks also can help the entrepreneurs to find out proper specialists who can provide them moral support for their business. Besides, networking also serves the entrepreneurs to find out people who might have an interest in entrepreneur's welfare. The self-confidence of an entrepreneur is important to gain networking success. An entrepreneur must understand that learning from people outside his organization can correlate well with the reputation of his organization. It is obvious that an entrepreneur has limited time and money; especially in the early stages of development, it is difficult for them to access important resources. Networking helps to acquire both resources and reduction in risk via use of known contacts. It also helps to build a suitable relationship with the people outside of the organization who can assist the company to get direct access to the factors of production and the market (Omerzel and Kuce 2013). Most of all, networking can help and entrepreneur to understand under which environment they must operate and which people they must trust to defend their independence and authority. However, personal contact can hamper the growth of the business too. Building a big network is not necessary for the entrepreneurs. They must be selective about the association they form by knowing what to expect, from whom to expect and how to get it. Besides, spending too much time in networking can take precious time away from focusing on the b usiness. Therefore, it is important for the entrepreneurs to spend their time wisely. Importance of personal contact network in new ventures Business networking via personal contact network is a valuable method for entrepreneurs to expand their knowledge and learn from the success of others (Solymossy 2015). It also helps to attain new clients and tell others about the new company. The important features of personal contact network are mentioned below. Development of business through referrals: This is most important and obvious reason that entrepreneurs decide to participate in networking activities by joining networking groups. An entrepreneur can receive several high quality and pre-qualified referrals from though networking (Ciravegna 2014). By doing proper follow up, that entrepreneur can turn those referrals into clients. Therefore, it can be said that the chances are high that an entrepreneur will get higher quality leads from networking than another form if marketing. Opportunity: The numbers of opportunities a network can offer are endless. For example, proper networking can offer joint ventures, partnerships, business or asset sales and client leads. However, an entrepreneur must be careful while jumping on board with an opportunity (Ionit 2012). It is important to choose the right opportunity. Business advice: Networking allows entrepreneurs to communicate with business owners or managers from the same industry which gives them the opportunity to get advice from them on all sort of things related to his business. It also helps to obtain the very important work-life balance (Arthur et al. 2012). Networking is the only place where entrepreneurs of new startup company can get ideas and strategies they can implement to develop their company. It is impossible to get that type of high quality advice at any other places. Developing company profile: As a startup organization, it is important to get the attention of the customers and other companies to raise the company profile and reputation of the company (Strobl and Peters 2013). If an entrepreneur attains business and social events regularly, then it will help him to get his face known. Then he can build his reputation as a helpful, knowledgeable and supportive person by sharing useful information with others. Influence: It is obvious that the people around a person can create a negative or positive impact on him. While joining a networking event, an entrepreneur also stays in touch with several people. Therefore, it is important that those people are positive and uplifting who can help him to grow as a business owner. Increase in confidence: Growth of business partially depends on how an entrepreneur company communicates with other people. An entrepreneur of a startup company can face difficulties while communicating with others because of lack of confidence and experience (Aaboen et al. 2013). Networking is great for those entrepreneurs, as it will help them to grow and learn how to make conversation and lasting bonds with people they do not know. A framework to establish a personal network Environment: Belief, goodwill, endless information, timeliness of information, Normal Benefits Innovation benefits Sharing of information Finding new peers Motivation, encouragement Product and service ideas Enhancing quality Enhancing marketing properties of products Cost reduction Enhancing production process Table 1: Framework indicating key benefits of networking (Source: Author) Business planning (duration one hour): Every month, an entrepreneur presents a business plan in front of the peers which help him to stay away from daily stress and to receive feedback from those peers (Vissa 2012). Peers provide feedback based on their knowledge and experience. This process not only helps the presenting entrepreneur to but also the entire group to understand business planning and how it should be done. Learning of action (duration one hour): Members of a network are divided into two groups to discuss their common issues, concerns, and hot topics. Both the groups must have a facilitator who ensures that issues are properly identified and tackled in a confidential and friendly manner. Break (duration 15 minutes) Innovative workshop (duration one hour): In this part, important topics identified by entrepreneurs are discussed by expert practitioners and academics based on their knowledge and experience. Topics like marketing, business planning, and finance gets the priority. Conclusion (duration 15 minutes): In this section, entrepreneurs and other participants share their views on that day's workshop and decides actions for next month's networking event by choosing topics and presenters. Role of digital technologies in personal contact network Digital technologies have played a major role in personal contact network. Technologies like social networks and mobile phone have made it easy for an entrepreneur to contact family and friends easily (Turkina et al. 2013). For example, founders of BuckeFeet Raaja Nemani and Aron Firestein messaged their friends and families to buy their shoes when their company just started their venture. Another benefit of the digital network is continuous communication with customers and other important persons. For example, BucketFeet, via their online site can communicate not only with their customers but also with their designers. Customers can buy shoes from that website and can submit their designs to the company. As the company does not recruit designers in their company, and only signs a short term contract with them by buying their design for a particular shoe, it is important for them to contact and communicate with thousands of designers around the word. Now imagine, how difficult it would be if digital technologies like computers were absent in present days. Besides, BuketFeet completely depends on their online selling website to sell their shoes. It is easy for any company to establish a startup via online platforms as renting a place and decorating it to turn it into an offline shop is cost effective and time effective (Fernndez et al. 2015). Suppliers are an essential part of personal contact networks, and digital technologies have helped the entrepreneurs to keep contact with their suppliers on a regular basis. Construction and maintenance of a start-up business via personal contact network Benefits and advantages of personal contact network can help an entrepreneur to understand some important facts about his business which help him to maintain and grow his company. Suggestions and advice from other peers in a networking event can guide an entrepreneur to maintain his business using following steps, Expansion: Expanding a business is essential to maintain its growth. From a personal contact, network and entrepreneur can figure out ways to expand his business. An entrepreneur learns that he must research and map out his export journey to find out whether he and his company will be able to bear the costs or not. According to the market condition and customer demands, it is essential to decide here to expand the business (Kuratko 2016). Once decided, an entrepreneur can jump in the new market with both feet but with a target to keep them feet firm on the ground. An entrepreneur must follow his instincts while expanding his business. Establishing personal contact with alternatives, courtesy, and consistency is another lesson an entrepreneur learns from personal contact network which might help him to maintain his business. Financial support: It is not easy to find financial support for a startup business. From personal contact networks, an entrepreneur gets important advice on collecting financial support from various places. For example, an entrepreneur can ask for support from friend and family by drawing up proper documents with a set of repayment plan interests (Kelley 2012). Entrepreneurs are also advised to gain financing and microloans from SBA-backed lenders. Opening another branch: A startup company, who has done well for some time will always consider opening a new branch in the new city. However, it is hardest decision to make. Discussions with peers and experts in networking events can help an entrepreneur to understand the factors of opening a new branch. An entrepreneur must be sure that they are maintaining a consistent bottom line profit, and they have displayed a steady growth over last few years. Besides, conducting a proper market research to figure out current economic and customer trends of that new market is another essential step. It will help the entrepreneur to understand whether their stay in that market will be permanent or short. Before jumping into the new market, an entrepreneur must also develop a full business plan according to that new location. Targeting other markets: If a product attracts teens, then the entrepreneur of that company must promote their brand to college students. Another way is to take retail-oriented product or service and sell it wholesale (Santos 2012). For example, a catering organization can contact a local bakery to sell its goods at a wholesale rate. However, a price that the company will get from the bakery will be lower, but increased sale will generate consistent cash flow on which the company can bank on. Saving money The primary concern of startup companies is to save money. An entrepreneur as gets several ideas from expert managers and other entrepreneurs during a networking session n this topic. He can save money by asking suppliers if they provide any discounts for early payments. If yes, they paying their bills as early as possible will save a huge amount of money. If no, then an entrepreneur can pay their bills including utilities and taxes as late as possible (Manolova et al. 2014). The longer the money stays in their account, the larger amount of interest they will gain. Joining associations also help to save money. Many trades and business associations offer discounts on almost everything like insurance, travel, car rental, phone services and a prescription for reasonable membership fees. An entrepreneur must understand that employees are the most costly investment a company experiences. If an entrepreneur is not sure that, he can afford the costs of a huge number of full-time employees a nd deal with the problems of human resource team, and then he can remove these options or make them alternatives. In this way, he can save a lot of money. Another process to save money is to have a personal distribution chain. Relying on a third-party distribution company will not only increase cost but will also create several problems in future (Ghauri et al. 2014). Joining hands with third party logistic companies can also save cost as they will carefully handle all additional works like communication with customers, delivery of raw materials to the company, delivery of ordered goods to the customers and keeping a full record of all business interactions. Conclusion The report mainly focuses on personal contact network and its relation to the entrepreneurs. Most of the researchers and studies focus on skills and decision making abilities of entrepreneurs while neglecting the important aspect which is their ability to establish a perfect personal contact network. Especially those entrepreneurs who are leading a startup business must follow personal contact networking to gain knowledge of how they can develop their business when they have limited financial and nonfinancial resources. Personal contact networking also helps to build personal attitudes of entrepreneurs by teaching them how to communicate with the customers, suppliers and other peering members of the company. It also draws an outline for the entrepreneurs by telling them how they can spend and save their monitory resources. Therefore, it can be said that personal contact networking can help and entrepreneur and a startup business to develop and grow further to the next level. Bibliography Aaboen, L., Dubois, A. and Lind, F., 2013. Strategizing as networking for new ventures.Industrial Marketing Management,42(7), pp.1033-1041. Arregle, J.L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M.A., Webb, J.W., Miller, T. and Tsui, A.S., 2015. Family ties in entrepreneurs' social networks and new venture growth.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(2), pp.313-344. Arthur, S.J., Hisrich, R.D. and Cabrera, ., 2012. The importance of education in the entrepreneurial process: a world view.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,19(3), pp.500-514. Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D. and Wright, M., 2014. Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context.Research Policy,43(7), pp.1097-1108. Bensaou, B.M., Galunic, C. and Jonczyk-Sds, C., 2013. Players and purists: Networking strategies and agency of service professionals.Organization Science,25(1), pp.29-56. Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Van Praag, M. and Verheul, I., 2012. Entrepreneurship and role models.Journal of Economic Psychology,33(2), pp.410-424. Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012.Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Ciravegna, L., Majano, S.B. and Zhan, G., 2014. The inception of internationalization of small and medium enterprises: The role of activeness and networks.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1081-1089. De Hoyos-Ruperto, M., Romaguera, J.M., Carlsson, B. and Lyytinen, K., 2013. Networking: A Critical Success Factor for Entrepreneurship.American Journal of Management,13(2), p.55. Eberhard, M. and Craig, J., 2013. The evolving role of organisational and personal networks in international market venturing.Journal of World Business,48(3), pp.385-397. Fernndez-Prez, V., Alonso-Galicia, P.E., Rodrquez-Ariza, L. and del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes, M., 2015. Professional and personal social networks: A bridge to entrepreneurship for academics?.European Management Journal,33(1), pp.37-47. Foley, D. and O'Connor, A.J., 2013. Social capital and the networking practices of indigenous entrepreneurs.Journal of Small Business Management,51(2), pp.276-296. Ghauri, P., Tasavori, M. and Zaefarian, R., 2014. Internationalisation of service firms through corporate social entrepreneurship and networking.International Marketing Review,31(6), pp.576-600. Hayter, C.S., 2013. Conceptualizing knowledge-based entrepreneurship networks: Perspectives from the literature.Small Business Economics,41(4), pp.899-911. Ionit, D., 2012. Entrepreneurial marketing: A new approach for challenging times.Management Marketing,7(1), p.131. Kelley, D.J., Singer, S. and Herrington, M., 2012. The global entrepreneurship monitor.2011 Global Report, GEM 2011,7. Kuratko, D., 2016.Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Manolova, T.S., Manev, I.M. and Gyoshev, B.S., 2014. Friends with money? Owners financial network and new venture internationalization in a transition economy.International Small Business Journal,32(8), pp.944-966. Omerzel Gomezelj, D. and Kuce, I., 2013. The influence of personal and environmental factors on entrepreneurs' performance.Kybernetes,42(6), pp.906-927. Santos, F.M., 2012. A positive theory of social entrepreneurship.Journal of business ethics,111(3), pp.335-351. Solymossy, E., 2015. Knowledge networks: differences and performance effects.Journal of Small Business Strategy,11(1), pp.14-25. Strobl, A. and Peters, M., 2013. Entrepreneurial reputation in destination networks.Annals of Tourism Research,40, pp.59-82. Turkina, E. and Thi Thanh Thai, M., 2013. Social capital, networks, trust and immigrant entrepreneurship: A cross-country analysis.Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy,7(2), pp.108-124. Vissa, B., 2012. Agency in action: Entrepreneurs' networking style and initiation of economic exchange.Organization Science,23(2), pp.492-510.